Educational consequences of teenage pregnancy

Educational consequences of teenage pregnancy

Jan 10, 2023

Educational consequences of teenage pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy is a world disaster, and it has become a major concern to both developing and developed countries all over the world.

What is it?

Teenage pregnancy is a world disaster, and it has become a major concern to both developing and developed countries all over the world. Adolescent pregnancy takes an enormous toll on a girl’s education and income-earning potential. Many girls who become pregnant are pressured or forced to drop out of school. Girls not in school are also more likely to become pregnant.

Leaving school jeopardizes a girl’s future economic prospects and excludes her from other opportunities in life. By contrast, girls who remain in school are better prepared for jobs, livelihoods and life’s other transitions. Education also raises their status in their households and communities, and gives them more say in decisions that affect their lives. An educated girl is less likely to enter into a child marriage. She is also better able to delay childbearing, and is more likely to have a healthy pregnancy, with better outcomes for her future children.

 

How does teenage pregnancy affect teen fathers?

Fathering a child as a teenager can be a frightening and life-changing event. Teen fathers don’t have to worry about the health implications of pregnancy and childbirth, but they could face similar difficulties staying in school and earning a living.

State laws vary on the legal age for people to have sexual intercourse. Arrest or legal action against teens who are sexually active can have devastating effects. A young man may be required to register as a sex offender if he has reached the legal age (age 18 in some states) and his partner has not (age 17 or under).

The only way to be sure you won’t get pregnant is to not have sexual intercourse. However, there are many methods to reduce your chances of becoming pregnant if you’re sexually active. Many communities offer counseling and support programs that help prevent teen pregnancy.

These groups can provide information on birth control and help teens understand their own sexual limits so they don’t get into situations where they might have unprotected sex and get pregnant.

Some programs offer peer counseling, since it might feel more comfortable talking to someone your own age.

    Biological and psychosocial changes during adolescence

    Biological and psychosocial changes during adolescence

    Jan 3, 2023

    Biological and psychosocial changes during adolescence

    The most important psychological and psychosocial changes in puberty and early adolescence are the emergence of abstract thinking, the growing ability of absorbing the perspectives or viewpoints of others, an increased ability of introspection, the development of personal and sexual identity etc.

    What About it?

    The most important psychological and psychosocial changes in puberty and early adolescence are the emergence of abstract thinking, the growing ability of absorbing the perspectives or viewpoints of others, an increased ability of introspection, the development of personal and sexual identity etc.

    Erikson, who died in 1994, theorized that personality is developed through eight different life stages, later called Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Knowing what each stage is—and the lesson at the heart of it—can provide helpful insight into your own personality, as well as others.

    The key idea in Erikson’s theory is that the individual faces a conflict at each stage, which may or may not be successfully resolved within that stage. For example, he called the first stage ‘Trust vs Mistrust’. If the quality of care is good in infancy, the child learns to trust the world to meet her needs.

    The main idea behind Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is that our personality develops in stages, and at every one of these stages a psychosocial crisis unfolds in a way that determines our personality development based on the outcome.

    On the other hand, many biological changes take place during the adolescent years. Most obvious are the physical changes, for example, increment in height, acquisition of muscle mass, the distribution of body fat and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
    All these changes can be looked on as developmental tasks during normal development, but they can also help in understanding developmental deviations and psychopathological disorders.

      Diabetes Mellitus and its complications on SRH

      Diabetes Mellitus and its complications on SRH

      Dec 27, 2022

      Diabetes Mellitus and its complications on SRH

      Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that is characterized by the body’s inability to regulate glucose levels in the blood, due to low levels or low action of insulin.

      What is it?

      Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that is characterized by the body’s inability to regulate glucose levels in the blood, due to low levels or low action of insulin. People with diabetes have hyperglycemia which is defined as blood glucose levels that are higher-than-normal.

      The most common types of diabetes are Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces no or very little insulin. Insulin helps blood sugar enter the cells in our body for use as energy. Without insulin, blood sugar can’t get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream. As a result, high blood sugar causes damage to the body and causes many of the symptoms and complications of diabetes. 

      If you have type 2 diabetes, cells don’t respond normally to insulin; this is called insulin resistance. Your pancreas makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond. Eventually your pancreas can’t keep up, and your blood sugar rises, setting the stage for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. High blood sugar is damaging to the body and can cause other serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease

      Even though people with diabetes are at a higher risk for sexual problems, a study in Diabetes Care found that only about half of all men with diabetes and around 19 percent of women with diabetes have broached the topic with a doctor

      Some of the possible complications of Diabetes on sexual health in both men and women includes:

      • Low libido, or sexual desire
      • Sexual arousal disorder
      • Erectile dysfunction
      • Pain during sex
      • Recurrent vaginal yeast infection and 
      • Urinary tract infection
      HIV and Pregnancy

      HIV and Pregnancy

      Nov 10, 2022

      HIV and Pregnancy

      HIV disease in humans can be caused by infection with either HIV-1 or HIV-2. HIV-1 is more prevalent of the two, has higher infectivity, virulence, and greater spread through heterosexual sex.

      What is it?

      HIV disease in humans can be caused by infection with either HIV-1 or HIV-2. HIV-1 is more prevalent of the two, has higher infectivity, virulence, and greater spread through heterosexual sex.

        The study of HIV during pregnancy holds great significance because many women are first diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy. Similarly, it is equally important in cases where one or both partners are HIV positive and wish to conceive. During recent years, universal HIV prenatal testing, antiretroviral therapy (ART), scheduled cesarean delivery for HIV positive women with elevated viral loads, appropriate ART for infants and avoidance of breastfeeding have shown encouraging results.

        HIV disease in humans can be caused by infection with either HIV-1 or HIV-2. HIV-1 is more prevalent of the two, has higher infectivity, virulence, and greater spread through heterosexual sex. The transmission rate of HIV from mother to child (vertical transmission) is 20% to 25% for HIV-1 versus about 5% for HIV-2. Vertical transmission of HIV is possible not only throughout pregnancy but also during childbirth and breastfeeding.

        In the absence of any treatment, the risk of vertical transmission of HIV during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding is as high as 25 to 30%. However, with rigorous testing, preconception counseling, good ART adherence, scheduled cesarean delivery, and infant prophylaxis, the rate of vertical transmission is as low as <1 to 2% in the developed countries.

        In untreated HIV positive women, the risk of developing opportunistic infections increases with the fall in CD4 cell counts. Opportunistic infections like CMV and toxoplasmosis can cross the placenta and infect the fetus leading to congenital abnormalities. Also, untreated HIV infection has high chances of being passed on to the newborn in-utero, during delivery, or by breastfeeding.

        ART regimens themselves are also associated with many complications.

        Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders

        Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders

        Nov 1, 2022

        Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders

        Perinatal Mood Disorders are related to mood and anxiety symptoms that occur during pregnancy or up to one year postpartum

        What is it?

        Perinatal Mood Disorders are related to mood and anxiety symptoms that occur during pregnancy or up to one year postpartum

            Disorders Related to Pregnancy

            • Depression during pregnancy
            • Pregnancy loss
            • Infertility

              Disorders Related to Postpartum

              • Postpartum depression
              • Postpartum anxiety
              • Postpartum psychosis

              Depression During Pregnancy

              • Depression that occurs during pregnancy or within a year after delivery is called perinatal depression. Researchers believe that depression is one of the most common complications during and after pregnancy. Factors that may increase the likelihood of depression during or after pregnancy can include; history of depression or substance abuse, family history of mental illness, inadequate support from family and friends, anxiety about the fetus, problems with previous pregnancy or birth, marital or financial problems, and young age.

              Pregnancy loss

              • Experiencing miscarriage at any point in pregnancy can be a shocking and devastating event. Many women struggle with physical and emotional pain and grief that is powerful and overwhelming. Miscarriage can leave women feeling numb, helpless and isolated from others. Common reactions to miscarriage are sadness, anger, and guilt and depression.

              Infertility

              • Infertility occurs in 10-15% of couples of reproductive age. Investigation of the causes of infertility and treatment can bring on a “life crisis” that can tax a couple’s existing problem-solving resources, threaten achievement of life goals, and awaken unresolved past difficulties.

              Postpartum Depression (PPD) & Postpartum Anxiety Disorders

              • Postpartum anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder appear to be as common as postpartum depression and even coincide with depression. Perinatal anxiety symptoms can include the following: panic attacks, hyperventilation, excessive worry, restless sleep, and repeated thoughts or images of frightening things happening to the baby.

              Postpartum Psychosis

              • Another form of Postpartum Depression is Postpartum Psychosis. Postpartum Psychosis is a serious illness that can be severe and life threatening. The psychotic symptoms include delusions (thoughts that are not based in reality), hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren’t there) or disorganized thinking. Often mothers who develop postpartum psychosis are having a severe episode of a mood disorder, usually bipolar (manic-depression) disorder with psychotic features. It is essential for women to get evaluation and treatment immediately.

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