A molar pregnancy which is also known as hydatidiform mole is a rare complication of pregnancy characterised by the abnormal growth of trophoblasts, the cells that normally develop into the placenta.

There are two types of molar pregnancy, complete molar pregnancy and partial molar pregnancy. In a complete molar pregnancy, the placental tissue is abnormal and swollen and appears to form fluid-filled cysts. There’s also no formation of fetal tissue. In a partial molar pregnancy, there may be normal placental tissue along with abnormally forming placental tissue. 

There may also be formation of a fetus, but the fetus is not able to survive, and is usually miscarried early in the pregnancy.

Symptoms

A molar pregnancy may seem like a normal pregnancy at first, but most molar pregnancies cause specific symptoms, including:

• Dark brown to bright red vaginal bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy
• Severe nausea and vomiting
• Sometimes vaginal passage of grape like cysts
• Pelvic pressure or pain

Risk factors

Approximately 1 in every 1,000 pregnancies is diagnosed as a molar pregnancy. Various factors are associated with molar pregnancy, including:

• Maternal age. A molar pregnancy is more likely in women older than age 35 or younger than age 20.
• Previous molar pregnancy. If you’ve had one molar pregnancy, you’re more likely to have another. 

Complications

A molar pregnancy can have serious complications including a rare form of cancer and requires early treatment. 

After a molar pregnancy has been removed, molar tissue may remain and continue to grow. This is called persistent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). This occurs in about 15% to 20% of complete molar pregnancies, and up to 5% of partial molar pregnancies.

Rarely, a cancerous form of GTN known as choriocarcinoma develops and spreads to other organs. Choriocarcinoma is usually successfully treated with multiple cancer drugs. A complete molar pregnancy is more likely to have this complication than a partial molar pregnancy.

Prevention

During any subsequent pregnancies, your care provider may do early ultrasounds to monitor your condition and offer reassurance of normal development. Your provider may also discuss prenatal genetic testing, which can be used to diagnose a molar pregnancy.

Sexual assault is perhaps the most widespread and socially tolerated of human rights violation, cutting across borders, race, class, ethnicity, and religion.

Following a rape or attempted sexual assault, the survivor is left in a state of crisis. Decisions are hard to make during this time, but the survivor needs to make some decisions which will affect possible prosecution. Survivors have the right to decide whether or not to report the assault to the police. However, if a survivor goes to the hospital, the medical staff are required to report the assault.

For a strong legal case, it is best to report the assault immediately and obtain medical attention for the gathering of evidence.

The survivor may be required to go through additional questioning with the police detective who will be handling the case. Since this is one of the most important phases of the investigation, it will be detailed and thorough. If there are bruises or other signs of attack that were not visible at the hospital, photographs may be taken at the police station. The survivor may also be asked to write out a report. This will include the survivor’s description of the incident and what happened before and after. The place where the incident took place, including the survivor’s home if that was the scene of the crime, may be searched and examined for fingerprints, stains, weapons, and other evidence. Do not touch or remove anything from the scene of the crime until this is done.

Compensation For Victims of Crime

According to Court of Claims of some Western countries, survivors may be eligible for Victim Compensation. To be eligible for compensation monies a crime must meet the following criteria:

• The crime must have been reported to the police within 72 hours (or be able to show good cause for not doing so)
• The Victim Compensation Claim Form must be filed within two years of the crime date

The availability of compensation money is limited to the following types of losses:

• Allowable medical expenses and counseling fees;
• Work loss as a result of the crime;
• Any needed services loss (i.e. baby-sitting during court procedures or housekeeping assistance if injuries incapacitate the survivor).

Children’s early experiences shape who they really are.  Their early life experiences have an effect on their health and learning abilities.

To develop to their full potential, children need safe and stable housing, adequate and nutritious food, access to medical care, secure relationships with adult caregivers, nurturing and responsive parenting, and high-quality learning opportunities at home, in child care settings, and in school. 

Children thrive in stable and nurturing environments where they have a routine and know what to expect. Although some change in children’s lives is normal and anticipated, sudden and dramatic disruptions can be extremely stressful and affect children’s feeling of security.

Common types of instability

-Economic Instability: a drop in family income from which families may or may not recover from

-Employment Instability

-Family Instability

-Residential Instability

Effects of instability in a child’s development 

 In addition to the social and emotional outcomes, some evidence suggests that children’s language and cognitive development may also be compromised by child care instability. 

Among young infants, certain forms of unstable child care are associated with poorer language development at 15 months of age.

There is less evidence of an impact of child care instability at later ages, and limited research explores instability among older school-age children. These findings highlight the urgency of identifying effective strategies for promoting the stability and continuity of care for young children.